In 2023/24, almost 10,000 more foreign students were enrolled than in the previous year, a +6.5% increase. The proportion of international students in Spanish universities is now 11.5%, rising to 27% and 29% in master’s and doctoral programmes, respectively.

In total, there were 149,280 international enrolments in Spanish universities in 2023/24, 59% in degree programmes and 41% participating in exchanges (with those students coming mostly from Europe).

A public-private tension

There are almost 100 universities in Spain. The 2026 QS World University Rankings place Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and Complutense University of Madrid in the top 200. In total, are ranked in the top 500 institutions globally.

Just over half of Spanish universities are public, but significant expansion is happening in the private sector. In the span of a decade, public enrolments have risen by only +2%, in contrast to a +117% increase in private universities. This is a subject of for many Spaniards worried that higher education provision in their country is increasingly a business rather than a public good.

Public universities are and over capacity. In 2024/25, there were nearly twice as many applications for programmes as places available in public universities, which helps to explain why .

Spain’s private universities now host half of all master’s students, are often more expensive, and tend to offer more niche specialisations than public institutions.

While 71% of master’s degrees were delivered by public universities and 29% by private universities in 2024/25, this represents a -6.5% decrease for public universities and a +66% increase for private institutions .

Number of degree-seeking international students rising fast

Spain has for years been the preference for students participating in , but the number of degree-seeking international students choosing Spain is growing fast. In 2023/24, there were +8.7% more foreign students in degree programmes than the previous year. Growth of international degree students is especially pronounced at private universities.

In the 10 years leading up to 2023/24, the number of international undergraduate students in Spanish universities has doubled, and the number of master’s students has tripled. Most foreign undergraduate students come from Europe, while most graduate students travel from Latin America and the Caribbean.

The supply of master’s programmes is growing, and 40% of these are now offered in English, a major draw for students from priority markets such as India and China.

Countries of origin

Italy and Colombia are the top source markets, with each sending over 23,000 students annually. France is close behind, contributing close to 20,000 students. After that, China and the US round out the top five. Spain’s international student population is also very diversified, with thousands of students coming from other Latin American countries such as Ecuador, Mexico, Peru, and Chile; from Europe (e.g., Germany, Romania, UK); and Morocco.

Major growth markets are Mexico, Colombia, Peru, Chile, and the United States. Notably, Spain-US exchange links have become much more common.

Building the EduBridge to Spain

A clear signal of the Spanish government’s ambition to attract more global talent is the “” initiative.

Launched in September 2025, with another intake in January 2026, it allows students at all academic levels a fast and smooth transfer from studies in the US to studies in Spain. EduBridge to Spain is especially aimed at students impacted by US visa issues.

Jobbatical.com summarises the benefits of the programme:

• Faster validation of existing qualifications
• Simplified academic record transfers
• Accelerated visa processing at Spanish consulates in the US
• Expedited Foreigner Identity Cards (TIE) upon arrival
• Part-time work rights for eligible students (up to 30 hours per week)

Like all international students in Spain, EduBridge students also receive a residence permit that covers the entire length of an academic programme and can obtain a work permit after graduation more easily than in the past (thanks to reforms launched in 2025).

EduBridge stands to help Spain gain market share in Latin America, where it competes for students with the US.

A rising research power

The Spanish government is investing heavily in scientific research and international research collaborations, and it is working to retain top researchers from other countries. A recent example of this is the 2025 call for .

Almost €40 million has been allocated to hiring leading researchers from other countries in their niche areas of specialisation, and more than half of those researchers are from the US.

Again, there is an aspect of seizing the geopolitical moment. Announcing the ATRAE funding, the Minister of Science, Innovation and Universities, Diana Morant, said: “This program allows us to have excellent scientists who will contribute to continuing to build a better country for science … Spain is a refuge of democratic values in the face of science cuts by other countries.”

An official release explaining notes:

“For the first time in its three editions, the ATRAE Program has attracted more foreign than national talent, with foreigners now representing 83% of the beneficiaries. It is worth remembering that this latest call included a new feature: additional funding for the incorporation of researchers working in the United States, with an additional 200,000 euros for each project.”

There is an important built-in strategy of retention in the ATREA programme:

“R&D centres and universities commit to offering job security when the three- or four-year period funded by the ATRAE Program ends. The selected researchers will be able to train predoctoral students and postdoctoral researchers, which will lead to an increase in the critical mass at the various centers where they join. They will, therefore, be drivers of talent and attract national and international funding.”

The UK government considers that Spain has “real strengths in energy, biomedical sciences and biotechnology, agriculture and food, materials, ICT, energy and the environment …. Spain is generating advanced applied solutions for the aerospace, renewables, water treatment, rail, biotechnology, industrial machinery, and civil engineering sectors.

Affordability is a draw

A 2025 update from summarises annual study costs for EU international students:

• Bachelor’s degree at a public university: €2,100 to €4,629
• Master’s degree at a public university : €604 to €2,565
• Bachelor’s degree at a private university: €2,400 to €30,000
• Master’s degree at a private university: €1,388 to €105,000

Non-EU/EEA students usually pay higher tuition fees, though not always. MastersPortal.com advises non-EU students to check with individual universities, and it provides for this purpose.

Study in Spain also says that: “In 2025, a single person living in Spain spends around €712 per month on living expenses (about US$850).” This estimate includes food, accommodation, and transportation.

For additional background, please see:

• “Spain moving to expand partnerships and student recruitment in Africa“
• “Canada and the US are losing international student enrolments to Europe and Asia”
• “Search and enrolment data foreshadows international enrolment trends for 2026”

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Keystone Education Group’s 2025 data reveals a dynamic year for international student mobility, with some sharp declines across traditional powerhouses alongside rapid growth in emerging destinations.

The data, drawn from millions of annual student search indicators and enrolment data, shows that international student mobility is increasingly being shaped by a combination of supply-side policies and demand-side preferences among students.

Fredrik Högemark, CEO of Keystone Education Group, said: “This year has been one of the most volatile we’ve tracked in our data. Students are weighing affordability and safety more than ever, and as return on investment becomes a necessity, this is leveling the playing field beyond the ‘Big Four’.”

“Policy changes announced mid-cycle in 2025 forced students to rapidly adjust their plans, while we have also observed numerous anti-globalisation measures that have inadvertently affected international education.”

Since fall 2023, international interest in the US across Keystone’s platforms dropped by -47%.
However, the growth of post-study work opportunities and OPT continues to influence enrolments in the US, particularly with the two largest source markets – India and China.

And, when we look at the second half of 2025 in isolation, interest in the US is showing signs of stability again and it remains the most searched destination across Keystone sites.

The decline in US interest, while extreme, is not the steepest globally. Canada and Australia also experienced similar drops in interest over the same period.

For Australia, this trend also might be starting to turn for 2026, with early indications in Keystone’s Q3 2025 data showing a more positive outlook – with search interest up +8% compared to Q2 in 2025.

The UK was Keystone’s second leading study destination in 2025, recognised globally for its academic reputation. Beyond its reputation, Keystone’s 2025 State of Student Recruitment Report found the UK also ranks highest for reputation and safety of the Big Four.

Fredrik added:

“We have seen very strong trends for UK study across Keystone’s platforms this year and data from September 2025 also showed study visa applications are up 7% over 2024, so the environment had been looking stable for 2026. However, the news in October of a shorter post-study-work entitlement in the UK will likely have an impact on interest there. The question is how much impact?”

Europe as a collective also continued to amass student interest, particularly at the end of 2025, with five of the top 10 searched destinations in November in Europe.

Spain, Italy, Germany, and France all recorded more student search interest than Canada and Australia, with Spain’s search volume rivalling the UK’s popularity.

Nordic destinations have also experienced an upward trend, with a +33% rise in interest as of April 2025. Meanwhile, the UAE continues to build its profile as a global education hub, with Keystone data showing a near +90% increase in search interest for UAE study opportunities in June 2025.

It has also been a breakthrough year for the Asian Tigers – Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, and South Korea.

Malaysia led the surge with a +64% increase in student searches from March to May on Keystone sites, followed by Singapore with +51%. Japan’s popularity also grew in this period, while South Korea entered the top 10 study destinations for the first time.

Fredrik added: “It is no surprise South Korea and Japan are growing in popularity. Japan has a very pro-international policy – it is launching more and more English-taught programmes and the good collaboration between higher education and the government is evident. South Korea is in a similar situation. Both have been fully embracing and supporting international education.”

West Africa was an unlikely player in 2025 but saw a surge in searches from international students, with a +25% increase in interest in the region on Keystone’s sites between May and July this year.

For additional background, please see:

• “Global trends in international enrolments and policies as we head into 2026”
• “Canada and the US are losing international student enrolments to Europe and Asia”
• “The changing face of international student mobility”

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As we see in the chart below, enrolment in Spanish language schools grew by just under 40% between 2022 and 2024 to reach a record high of 153,285 students last year.

Even more strikingly, student-week volumes grew by more than 60% over that same period to reach nearly 710,000 weeks in total – a mark that is 36% above the pre-pandemic high point.

“All the effects caused by the COVID-19 pandemic can be considered overcome,” notes the FEDELE report. “And record numbers are also achieved with an average of 1,394 students per [FEDELE member school].”

Who are you?

That 2024 enrolment base is divided roughly equally between individual students (48%) and those travelling as part of school groups (52%) – a proportion that aligns closely with pre-pandemic patterns. Most students are between 12 and 18 years old (31%), followed by the 19-to-25-year-old cohort (25%), and then the broader 26-to-45-year-old group (24%).

The largest proportion of students were enrolled in language courses combined with cultural activities in 2024 (36%), with the next most-popular option being programmers for juniors or summer camps (20%).

The major sending markets for Spain’s language sector in 2024 were:

• Germany
• Italy
• France
• United States
• United Kingdom
• Poland
• Netherlands
• Russia
• Austria
• Morocco

Overall for 2024, three in four students arrived from Europe, with another 10% coming from North America and 9% from Asia.

An expanding economic footprint but challenges remain

FEDELE estimates the direct economic impact of member schools at €520,120,185 for 2024, or an average of €4 million per school.

Even with that impressive growth and impact in 2024, the FEDELE report sounds a cautionary note as well, adding that: “Although the growth is notable and indicates that the sector is in good health, we believe that some issues, such as visa-related problems, have been a stumbling block for student entry. Furthermore, we are observing the return of digital nomads to their countries of origin and the stagnation of some European Union economies. The price of accommodation also appears to have had a negative influence on the number of students enrolled at our centres.”

For additional background, please see:

• “Foreign enrolment in Spanish higher education reached a record high in 2022/23“
• “New policies, Erasmus+, and booming tourism boost Spain’s international education sector“
• “Spain’s language teaching sector bounces back“

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Last year, there was a shortage of 3 million beds for students across Europe and the situation is expected to worsen in the next five years, when there will be a need for an additional 200,000 more beds, according to . This is in part because Europe’s student population is expected to grow by 10% by 2030/31, reaching 23.5 million, with half being international students.

Top student cities in Europe are the worst off in terms of supply, with 40 cities accounting for 40% of the 3-million bed shortage.

Only 40% of PBSA beds across Europe are privately funded. The rest are publicly owned or subsidised and not always accommodating of all types of students/budgets. The situation, says JLL, equates to a “€450bn investment opportunity.”

As it stands, most PBSA investment in Europe is in the UK, and JJL observes that “key markets in continental Europe would need to grow, on average, 13 times to match the UK 2018-2022 [investment] average.” For example:

“The largest student markets like Germany and France could see their investment grow from an average of €0.5bn to €7bn necessary to meet unmet demand. In more nascent markets like Italy, at the current pace of investment it would take over 100 years to deploy the necessary investment.”

To narrow the gap between supply and demand, Dominika Mocova, a senior analyst at JLL EMEA Living and Research Strategy, says: “Greater market transparency and understanding from planning authorities is necessary to unlock the full potential.”

Her colleague Julia Martin, JLL’s head of EMEA Student Housing, points out that PBSA is part of ensuring a good student experience: “The affordability and provision of a well-rounded student experience continues to set PBSA apart from traditional rental accommodation.”

Ms Martin continues:

“With developers now having a better grasp of the cultural nuances and design requirements through the different European countries, they are set to introduce the next generation of fit-for-purpose schemes, aimed at addressing the growing demographic student population as well as rising international student demand for quality accommodation across Europe. The continent is now home to the highest number of globally ranked universities, with 203 universities in the top 500 according to the 2024 QS World University Ranking. Given the current shortage of student accommodation in key cities and the vast untapped potential in countries such as Italy and Germany, addressing the standing imbalance between supply and demand will unlock a huge €450 billion growth opportunity in the market, with PBSA playing a crucial role.”

Ireland: Construction causing delays

In 2024, Ireland’s education department examined the student housing situation in a paper called Funding the Future: An Annual Options Paper on the Cost of Higher Education 2024. It found that:
 
“On average there are three applications for every one student bed on campus. This does not take into account the Technological University sector. Those students who are unsuccessful in obtaining a place are forced into the private market.”
 
As reported in :

“Construction cost increases, fuelled by the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Brexit and Covid, are having a significant impact on the supply and affordability of new rental accommodation for higher-level students … The impact on supply has been significant, with more than 10,900 units with planning permission within the university public and private student accommodation sector not having been activated.”

France: Danger of dropouts and student hardships

In Paris, a January 2024 study by SeLoger.com found that the number of available rentals for students in Paris dropped by 50% compared with 2023 and 73% over three years. Jacques Baudrier, deputy mayor for housing, told : “The private sector has nothing left to rent, agencies are closing, and the crisis is exponential.”

Barbara Gomes, delegate for Tenant Protection in Paris, explained:

“If you can’t find housing, you give up your studies or move farther away, and the longer commutes add to fatigue. More than half of the students work part-time, and the risk of academic failure increases with such challenges.”

Spain: Tourism overload

In Spain, where soaring tourist numbers are squeezing residents out of the housing market, the government is taking action to provide more student accommodation for students enrolling in certain types of tertiary institution. A protocol was signed at the end of 2024 by the ministries of housing, economy, and universities that mandates that new private universities offer housing for their students.

In addition, reports The Guardian, Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez’s government has instituted a tax of up to 100% on properties bought by non-residents from countries outside the EU, such as the UK. President Sánchez defended the new policy by noting:

“In 2023 alone non-EU residents bought about 27,000 houses and flats in Spain. And they didn’t do it to live in them, they didn’t do it for their families to have a place to live. They did it to speculate.”

A persistent and challenging issue in higher education

International students have enough to think about without worrying about whether they will find affordable housing on or at least near to campus. Housing stress is closely associated with poor mental health, and it means that affected students’ attention is often – and of necessity – elsewhere than in their studies. In extreme cases, housing issues can cause students to drop out.

Stephen Madsen, writing for , a US-based economics and policy thinktank, notes: “As the market continues to struggle with meeting the demand for affordable housing options, increasing on- or near-campus student housing can be an attractive amenity and marketable edge for universities looking to maintain or increase enrollment.”

But he also points out the sometimes-impossible solutions higher education institutions are up against:

“Ultimately, financing and development costs remain the largest hurdle in addressing this issue for many institutions. Public funding for universities has fallen in many states over the past several decades—limiting many institutions’ ability to take on additional debt for capital improvements. During the same period, the cost of residential construction has risen significantly. The combined effect leads to a challenging development environment for higher education institutions, absent outside equity or public subsidy.”

Mr Madsen provides several examples of US colleges working hard and thinking creatively to try to come up with solutions:

• “Middlebury College in Middlebury, VT is providing a stipend, or financial incentive of $10,000, to take a half-year leave of absence to upper classmen to accommodate housing for incoming students. 
• In Knoxville, TN, the University of Tennessee has rented out local Knoxville hotels to accommodate incoming students. 
• Virginia State University, in Petersburg, VA built on-campus modular developments to house incoming students.”

Mr Madsen concludes: “For [institutions] looking to ensure an affordable and inclusive education, the housing issue must continue to be addressed.”
 
For additional background, please see:

• “Student housing crunch worsens across Europe, Australia, Canada”
• “The three persistent themes in student accommodation: affordability, availability, and accountability”
• “What if there is no room? The link between student housing and enrolment capacity”
   

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The ministry says that there were 241,775 foreign students in Spain’s universities in 2022/23. That represents a nearly 8% year-over-year gain. It also adds up to an impressive 16% increase from a pre-pandemic base of 208,320 students in 2019/20.

The 2022/23 total includes 180,565 foreign students enrolled in degree programmes and another 61,215 in exchange programmes.

Top sending markets

The broad pattern in terms of the top countries of origin for Spanish higher education is largely the same in 2022/23 as it was the year before. European markets are well represented with Italy, France, Germany, and Romania comfortably in the Top 10.

Outside of the European senders, Spanish-speaking markets also figure prominently, including Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru, and Chile. In fact, much of the year-over-year growth for 2022/23 appears to have been driven by a couple of key Spanish-language markets, notably Colombia and Mexico.

For additional background, please see:

• Attend , a unique event providing institutions based in Spanish-speaking countries with the opportunity to meet quality, screened student recruitment agents from all over the world.
• “New policies, Erasmus+, and booming tourism boost Spain’s international education sector“
• “Spanish universities report a big jump in foreign enrolment in 2022“

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Even before the pandemic, the collective value of students studying in Spain’s language courses, undergraduate and graduate courses, and business schools – including those covered by Europe’s mobility programme, Erasmus+ – was estimated at €3.8 billion for the 2018/19 academic year (direct and indirect impacts).

The massive impact of the Spanish language sector

There were more than 100,000 students in Spain’s language programmes in 2022 for a total direct economic impact of €2.1 million – and that’s not including language students’ spending on accommodation, living expenses, transportation, and leisure while in Spain.

Language studies and tourism are very closely linked, and money spent by foreigners in each sector amplifies the collective value of both sectors. This is especially true in Spain, given that the country is one of the world’s top destinations for holidaymakers. Data in the chart below, from Statista, show that Spain is second only to the US when measured in terms of countries with the highest international tourism receipts. FEDELE highlighted the interwoven nature of tourism and language studies in a post on ���Ϲ��� Monitor last year.

Spain received a record number of tourists in 2023, higher even than before the pandemic. Tourists spent €108 billion last year, a 17% increase over 2019. This figure is expected to rise again in 2024 to €200 billion according to industry body .

Erasmus+ sending ever-larger numbers of students to Spain

Another major factor in Spain’s popularity as a study destination is the Erasmus+ mobility programme. Record numbers of Europeans are going to Spain under the Erasmus+ scheme, as shown in the chart below. Erasmus+ students do not have to pay tuition, but they do of course spend money while in Spain in the larger economy.

Most Erasmus+ grants for travel to Spain are given to Europeans entering Spain’s higher education sector, as depicted in the next chart.

In 2021/22, a total of 224,080 international students were in Spanish higher education, with most in degree programmes (170,220) and another 53,860 in shorter-term academic exchanges (Erasmus+).

The top markets for Spain’s universities are shown below.

New policies further fuel Spain’s popularity

In the summer of 2023, the Spanish government extended in-study work rights for full-time international students to 30 hours per week while studying (up from 20 hours previously), and it also introduced an opportunity for students graduating with a Spanish undergraduate degree, master’s degree, or PhD programme to remain in the country for a year to look for work under a job-search visa (estancia por estudios superiores que cesa, para búsqueda de empleo).

Before the new post-study job search visa was introduced, many international students had found it difficult to remain in Spain after their studies to seek employment. They had needed to have a study visa for 3 years to apply for a work permit – leaving a huge proportion of students ineligible because they had studied in shorter programmes such as a master’s degree.

Further easing the ability of international student graduates to work in Spain, it is now much simpler for students to extend their work permit once they have one. When students’ 1-year permit is up for renewal, it can be extended for 4 years in one fell swoop. Previously, the extension had been only 2 years (and then 2 years again if desired) before permit-holders were eligible for permanent residence.

The competitive landscape has changed

Intra-regional mobility in Europe has been greatly affected by Brexit. Because the UK has become more expensive for EU students, those students are considering more destinations in their own region. notes that Spain has gained traction in several European countries post-Brexit:

“Spain has also experienced an increase in students from neighboring European countries that speak a Romance language and from Germany. In 2021, the number of new Italian students in Spain increased by 8.8% to around 10,000, while the number of new French students increased by 26.4% to around 7,000. German students increased by 21.9% to about 7,000 new students, too. Spain doesn’t offer free higher education to EU nationals, but its tuition fees remain low, around €1,000-2,000 per year.”

There is also potential for the number of non-EU students choosing Spain to increase, as the Spanish government launched a strategy in 2023 to intensify recruitment in Africa.

For additional background, please see:

• (Madrid, 22–24 May 2024) is a unique opportunity for education providers in Spanish speaking countries to network with ���Ϲ���-screened, quality student recruitment agents from around the world
• “Spain to ease visa processes for international students and graduates”
• “Spain moving to expand partnerships and student recruitment in Africa”
• “Spain’s language teaching sector bounces back”

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The total number of international students enrolled in Spanish universities that year . This includes 170,222 students in degree programmes and another 53,858 on shorter-term academic exchanges.

Those totals represent a 27.8% increase over 2020/21, the year in which COVID-19 had its greatest effects on student mobility to Spain. The Ministry reports a total of 175,382 international students enrolled that year, including 155,919 degree students and 19,463 exchange participants.

Perhaps more significantly, the student volumes for 2021/22 surpass those of 2019/20, the last academic year before the pandemic began to impact student movement. Spain’s universities enrolled a total of 208,321 foreign students that year, including 153,044 in degree studies and another 55,277 in exchange programmes.

From that, we can observe that the 2021/22 totals are nearly 8% higher than the pre-pandemic high point, and that short-term academic exchanges have almost fully recovered to pre-COVID levels.

Where do students come from?

Not surprisingly, European students are well represented in the foreign enrolment base for Spanish universities with Italy, France, Germany, and Romania comfortably in the top ten. Also not surprisingly, a large percentage of students coming from elsewhere in Europe visit Spain for short-term academic exchanges. Of the 22,688 Italian students enrolled in Spanish higher education last year, for example, roughly half were exchange participants.

Outside of Europe, there are some notable entries in the top ten sending markets with China and Morocco as the 5th and 9th-largest source countries respectively. The top 20 list is otherwise dominated by Latin Markets with Colombia fair and away the leading sending of degree students (and the third-largest sender overall), and with notable numbers from Ecuador (4th), the United States (8th), Peru (10th), Mexico (11th), Chile (12th), Venezuela (14th), Brazil (15th), Argentina (16th), and the Dominican Republic (19th). As we might expect, those non-European markets skew heavily to degree enrolments as opposed to short-term exchanges.

Where do they go?

As we see in the chart below, that foreign enrolment base is distributed throughout the country with five regions collectively hosting nearly two-thirds of all international students in 2021/22: Madrid (46,223), Catalonia (43,787), Valencia (25,513), Andalucia (25,472), and Castilla y Leon (13,757).

For additional background, please see:

• “Spain’s language teaching sector bounces back“
• “Spain moving to expand partnerships and student recruitment in Africa“
• “Spain to ease visa processes for international students and graduates“

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Reporting FEDELE centres had a combined enrolment of 100,140 students in 2022. This represents a 81% increase over the year before and just over 72% of pre-pandemic volumes (2019).

The recovery is even more profound when measured in student weeks, as we see in the additional table below where the 2022 total for weeks booked equals 84.5% of 2019 volumes.

The sector’s direct economic impact was estimated at €200,075,000 for 2022, which compares to a total of €249,300,000 for 2019 (or roughly 80% of pre-COVID levels).

FEDELE notes that, even with that improvement in 2022, enrolment in Spanish language studies remains under pressure from external factors, such as the war in Ukraine, the (until recently) continuing COVID-related lockdowns in China, and global inflationary trends.

Who are the students?

Just over one in four language students in Spain (26%) are 18 years old or younger, with another 30% between ages 19 and 25, and 27% more in a wider band of 26 to 45 years.

Roughly three out of four (76%) come from Europe, with the top ten sending markets for 2022 as:

• Germany
• Italy
• United States
• United Kingdom
• France
• Netherlands
• Russia
• Austria
• Poland
• Denmark

Nearly a third (29%) comes for language studies combined cultural experiences and another 14% for junior courses. Another 11% were preparing for Spanish language exams, with a similar proportion studying online.

Three in ten students (31%) were referred to their Spanish language schools via agents, with another 37% registering directly.

For additional background, please see:

• “Language enrolment in Spain dropped by more than 60% during COVID but recovery expected in 2022“
• “Spanish language travel sector calls for government support“

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